Economic Interests of Media in the Coverage of the News Value of Sex on the Harian Rakyat Aceh

Main Article Content

Hamdani M. Syam
Nur Anisah
Rahmat Saleh
Abdul Rani Usman
Dini Khairani

Abstract

In addition to having the freedom to spread news to the public, the press also have the freedom to search and process news. In exercising that freedom, journalists always consider that news must be interesting so that people want to read it. The media coverage of sex, including stories on rape, sexual harassment, adultery, cheating, and sordid topics, is a news value that has a high rating for people. Sometimes in the economic interests of the media, journalists violate the norms and ethics of the news. This study is aimed to examine through content analysis the coverage of sex in the Harian Rakyat Aceh newspaper, which from January to April 26 featured 54 articles related to sex. This study examined this coverage in the context of Indonesia’s implementation of the journalistic code of ethics. Indonesian journalists are prohibited from mixing facts and opinions and from reporting sadistic and obscene news. Using the Holsti formula, inter-coder reliability resulted in a CR of 0.99, showing strong reliability. After data collection, coding sheets were analyzed using SPSS software to determine the results of each category. This study found that the news value of the 54 articles in the Harian Rakyat Aceh newspaper is considered to have violated the journalistic code of ethics. Thus, it can be assumed that there is an economic interest in the media’s reporting of sex in that newspaper.

Article Details

How to Cite
M. Syam, H., Anisah, N., Saleh, R., Rani Usman, A., & Khairani, D. (2020). Economic Interests of Media in the Coverage of the News Value of Sex on the Harian Rakyat Aceh. Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, 5(2), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v5i2.413
Section
Articles

References

Allern, S. (2002). Journalistic and commercial news values. Nordicom Review, 23(1–2), 137–152. doi:10.1515/nor-2017-0327.

Arief, P. (2008). Apa itu kode etik jurnalistik. Retrieved September, 23, 2019, from http://arief-permadi.blogspot.com/2008/ 10/apa-itu-kode-etik-jurnalistik.html.

Arifin, A. (2017). Pelanggaran kode etik jurnalistik pada pemberitaan kekerasan seksual terhadap perempuan di media massa cetak: Analisis isi surat kabar “Lampu Hijau”. Jurnal Kriminologi Indonesia, 10(1), 1–8. Retrieved September, 23, 2019 from http://journal. ui.ac.id/index.php/jki/article/view/7512.

Attaway-Fink, B. (2005). Market-driven journalism: Creating special sections to meet reader interests. Journal of Communication Management, 9(2), 145–154. doi:10.1108/ 13632540510621 335.

Barton, A. (2017). It’s the same old story: Rape representation in New Zealand newspapers (1975–2015) (Master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand). Retrieved August, 15, 2019, from http://researcharchive.vuw.ac. nz/handle/10063/ 6593.

Baum, M. A. (2002). Sex, lies, and war: how soft news brings foreign policy to the inattentive public. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 91–109. doi:10.1017/ S0003055402004 252.

Beam, R. A. (2003). Content differences between daily newspaper with strong and weak market orientations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(20), 368–390. doi:10.1177/107769900308000 209.

Blood, D. J., & Phillips, P. C. (1997). Economic headline news on the agenda: New approaches to understanding causes and effects. In M. E. McCombs, D. L. Shaw, & D. H. (Eds.), Communication and Democracy: Exploring the Intellectual Frontiers in Agenda-Setting Theory (pp. 97–113). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Cohen, E. L. (2002). Online journalism as market-driven journalism. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media, 46(4), 532–548. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4 604_3.

Curtin, P. A. (1999). Reevaluating public relations information subsidies: Market-driven journalism and agenda-building theory and practice. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(1), 53–90. doi:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1101_03.

DeLung, J., Magee, R. G, DeLauder, R., & Maiorescu, R. (2012). Proximity and framing in news media: Effects on credibility, bias, recall, and reader intentions. Journalism Communication, 2(7), 748–757.

Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442–464. doi:10.1177/146488490 5056815.

Dimmick, J., & Rothenbuhler, E. (1984). The theory of the niche: Quantifying competition among media industries. Journal of Communication, 34(1), 103–119. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02 988.x.

Elliott, D. (1988). All is not relative: Essential shared values and the press. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 3(1), 28–32. doi:10.1080/ 08900528809358306.

Fengler, S., & Rub-Mohl, S. (2008). Journalist and the information attention markets: Towards and economic theory of journalism. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 9(6), 667–690. doi:10.1177/ 146488 4908096240.

Fuller, J. (1996). News values: Ideas for an information age. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64–91. doi:10. 1177/002234336500200104.

Greer, C. (2010). News media criminology. In E. McLaughlin & T. Newburn (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of criminological theory (pp. 490–513). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.

Hafez, K. (2002). Journalism ethics revisited: A comparison of ethics codes in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Muslim Asia. Political Communication, 19(2), 225–250. doi:10.1080/10584600 252907461.

Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2001). What is news? Galtung and Ruge revisited. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 261–280. doi:10.1080/14616700118449.

Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2017). What is news? News values revisited (again). Journalism Studies, 18(12), 1470–1488. doi:10.1080/ 1461670X.2016.1150193.

Harris, R. J., & Scott, C. L. (2002). Effects of sex in the media. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.) Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (2nd ed., pp. 307–331). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Holland, P. (2002). The politics of the smile: ‘Soft news’ and the sexualisation of the popular press. In C. Carter, G. Branston, & S. Allen (Eds.), News, gender and power (pp. 29–44). New York, NY: Routledge.

Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Ibrahim, F. (2003). Falsafah dan etika kewartawanan di Malaysia: Antara tuntutan profesionalisme dan kepentingan industri. Jurnal Komunikasi, 19(1), 59–78.

Iggers, J. (2018). Good news, bad news: Journalism ethics and public interest. New York, NY: Routledge.

Jenkins, H. (2004). The cultural logic of media convergence. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 7(1). 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877904040603.

Kaplan, R. L. (2006). The news about new institutionalism: Journalism ethic of objectivity and its political origins. Political Communication, 23(2), 173–185. doi:10.1080/10584600600629737.

Kitzinger, J. (2004). Framing abuse: Media influence and public understanding of sexual violence against children. London: Pluto Press.

Kolbe, R. H., & Burnett, M. S. (1991). Content-analysis research: An examination of applications with directives for improving research reliability and objectivity. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(2), 243–250. doi:10.1086/209256.

Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411–433. doi:10.1111/ j.1468958.2004. tb00738.x.

Lee, J. H. (2009). News values, media coverage, and audience attention: An analysis of direct and mediated causal relationships. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86(1), 175–190. doi:10.1177/107769900908600111.

Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 587–604. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00 826.x.

Malik, A. (2018). Jurnalisme kuning ‘lampu kuning’ etika komunikasi massa. Jurnal Ajudikasi, 1(2), 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.30656/ajudikasi.v1 i2.492.

McManus, J. (1995). A market‐based model of news production. Communication Theory, 5(4), 301–338. doi:10.1111/j.1468885. 1995.tb00113.x.

Mehra, A. (1988). Newspaper management in the news multimedia age. Singapore: AMIC.

Mosco, V. (1996). The political economy of communication. London, UK: Sage.

Neuendorf, K. A. (2016). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

O’Neill, D., & Harcup, T. (2009). News values and selectivity. In K. W. Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The Handbook of Journalism Studies (pp. 161–174). New York, NY: Routledge.

Otto, H. A. (1963). Sex and violence on the American newsstand. Journalism Quarterly, 40(1), 19–26. doi:10.1177/107 769906304000 103.

Picard, R. G. (2010). The future of the news industry. In J. Curran (Ed.) Media and society (pp. 365–379). London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic.

Reese, S. D. (2001). Understanding the global journalist: A hierarchy of influences approach. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 173–187. doi:10.1080/14616700118394.

Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2014). Analysis media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. New York, NY: Routledge.

Riffe, D. & Freitag, A. (1997). A content analysis of content analyses: Twenty-five years of Journalism Quarterly. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(3), 515–524. doi:10.1177/107769909707400 306.

Russ-Mohl, S. (2006). The economics of journalism and the challenge to improve journalism quality. A research manifesto. Studies in Communication Sciences, 6(2), 189–208.

Ryan, M. (2001). Journalistic ethics, objectivity, existential journalism, standpoint epistemology, and public journalism. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(1), 3–22. doi:10.1207/S1532 7728JMME1601_2.

Ryan, M. & Tankard, J. W. (1977). Basic news reporting. New York, NY: Mayfield Publishing Co.

Schmidt, W. H., & Posner, B. Z. (1982). Value: The silent power. In W. H. Schmidt & B. Z. Posner (Eds.), Managerial values and expectations: The silent power in personal and organizational life (pp. 12–16). New York, NY: AMA.

Setiowati, E. (2010). Infotainment: Kebebasan atau keblablasan ditinjau dari kajian ekonomi politik media. Humaniora, 1(1), 20–28.

Shah, H. (1990). Some methodological considerations for the study of development news: An examination of three Indian daily newspapers. International Communication Gazette, 45(1), 33–48. doi:10.1177/001654929 004500104.

Shoemaker, P. J., Lee, J. H., Han, G., & Cohen, A. A. (2007). Proximity and scope as news values. In E. Devereux (Ed.) Media Studies: Key Issues and Debates (pp. 231–248). London, UK: SAGE.

Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content. London, UK: Longman.

Singer, J. B. (2010). Quality control: Perceived effects of user-generated content on newsroom norms, values and routines. Journalism Practice, 4(2), 127–142. doi:10.1080/17512780 903391979.

Sirikit, S. (2011). Rambu-rambu jurnalistik dari undang-undang hingga hati nurani. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Starck, K. (2001). What’s right/wrong with journalism ethics research? Journalism Studies, 2(1), 133–152. doi:10.1080/ 14616700119246.

Stemler, S. (2001). An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 7(17), 137–146.

Sultana, W., & Harikrishnan, B. (2014). Portrayal of violence against women: A content analysis of Manipal rape reportage in three leading English Dailies of Karnataka. Human Rights International Research Journal, 2(1), 413–417.

Susilastuti, D. N. (2000). Kebebasan pers pasca orde baru. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 4(2), 221–242.

Van Zoonen, L. (1988). Rethinking women and the news. European Journal of Communication, 3(1), 35–53. doi:10.11 77/026732318800300 1003.

Ward, S. J. (2005). Philosophical foundation for global journalism ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 20(1), 3–21. doi:10.1207/s15327728jmme2001_2.

Wilkins, L., & Brennen, B. (2004). Conflicted interest, contested terrain: Journalism ethics codes and now. Journalism Studies, 5(3), 297–309. doi:10.1080/146167004 2000246061.

Wulfemeyer, K. T. (1985). Ethics in sports journalism: Tightening up the code. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 1(1), 57–67. doi:10.1080/08900528509358256.